Evidence-based refinements for Rabbits.
Key Natural Behaviors
- Highly social with strong dominance hierarchies
- Foraging
- Crepuscular/Nocturnal (Though can be diurnal in the laboratory. (Jilge, 1991))
- Allo-grooming
- Nesting for breeding does
Recommendations
- Stable social housing
- Pen housing
- Raised area or shelves
- Straw, hay, chew sticks, cardboard boxes
- Shelter from intense light
- Rotating, novel enrichment schedule
- Behavioral management
- Background noise
- Mirrors
- Positive handling: early contact, full support while carrying, positive reinforcement training, etc.
- Nest boxes for does
- Larger exercise areas, especially for males (with full contact or protected contact with perforated dividers)
Blood Sampling
Resources
- General
- UFAW/RSPCA’s Refining Rabbit Care
- NC3Rs Rabbit Resource
- Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals
- Animal Welfare Institute’s Refinement Database: Rabbits
- RSPCA Rodent/Rabbit Welfare Meeting Reports
- Social Housing
- University of Michigan’s Rabbit Social Housing Guide
- Thurston et al. 2018. Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions. JOVE.
- Handling
- Video: How to lift a rabbit & Video: How to restrain a rabbit
- Bradbury and Dickens. 2016. Appropriate handling of pet rabbits: a literature review. Journal of Small Animal Practice.
- Oxley et al. 2018. A Survey of Rabbit Handling Methods Within the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science.
Procedural Refinements
1. Rabbit Injections and Blood Collection
- Use smaller needles and minimally invasive techniques
- Consider using trained personnel to reduce stress and pain during procedures
- Implement analgesia and anesthesia protocols to minimize discomfort
- Avoid jugular vein when possible, the peripheral veins safer
2. Rabbit Surgical Procedures
- Employ less invasive surgical techniques when possible, such as laparoscopic surgery
- Ensure proper anesthesia and analgesia, and use precise surgical skills to minimize trauma
- Post-operative care should include pain management and monitoring for complications
3. Rabbit Handling and Restraint
- Train staff to handle rabbits gently and with minimal stress as rabbits are uniquely prone to back and leg injuries and must be handled properly
- Use proper restraint techniques and provide training to avoid unnecessary handling. Snuggles, towel wraps, restraint devices, VAB Lines etc.
4. Rabbit Dermal and Ocular Testing
- Consider the smallest area possible
- Provide appropriate analgesia
- Appropriate training to recognize pain/discomfort
5. Rabbit Humane Anesthesia
- Special considerations on dosing, cardiovascular or respiratory impact
If you know of other resources that you think should be featured on this page, please contact us at info@3rc.org.

